Cannabinoids and Terpenes
The cannabis plant contains a large number of naturally occurring compounds known as cannabinoids. Among the most widely recognised are cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), along with a growing number of minor cannabinoids such as CBG, CBN, and CBC, which continue to be explored through ongoing research. The plant also contains aromatic compounds known as terpenes, which may contribute to the way cannabinoid formulations are experienced within the body.
These cannabinoids interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system in different ways and may influence signalling pathways involved in mood, sleep, stress response, pain perception, appetite, inflammation, nervous system regulation, and overall wellbeing.
CBD (Cannabidiol)
CBD is generally regarded as non-intoxicating and does not typically produce the psychoactive effects associated with THC. Research continues to explore how CBD may influence inflammatory pathways, nervous system regulation, stress responses, sleep, and neurotransmitter signalling involved in mood and emotional wellbeing.
CBD-containing therapies are often considered a longer-acting cannabinoid approach and may be explored within broader and individualised treatment plans, particularly where a more balanced or non-intoxicating cannabinoid profile may be appropriate. Some individuals may also explore CBD-based therapies alongside other supportive strategies aimed at improving overall wellbeing and quality of life.
Although CBD is generally considered to have a lower risk of impairment compared with THC-containing therapies, responses can still vary between individuals, and patients should always follow current medical advice and driving regulations relevant to their state or territory.
THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)
THC is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid found within the cannabis plant and interacts predominantly with CB1 receptors located throughout the brain and central nervous system. THC may influence pain perception, appetite, nausea pathways, sleep, mood, sensory perception, and muscle tension.
Compared with CBD, THC-containing therapies are often considered to have a shorter and more immediate effect profile, and some individuals may explore these therapies for support with symptoms experienced more acutely or at particular times of the day or night.
For some individuals, THC-containing therapies may play a supportive role within carefully monitored treatment plans. However, THC may also produce side effects or unwanted psychoactive effects in some people, particularly at higher doses or in more sensitive individuals.
THC may also affect cognition, coordination, reaction time, and perception. Patients should be aware that THC-containing therapies may have implications for driving, workplace safety, and the operation of machinery, and should always follow current medical advice and relevant laws and regulations within their state or territory..
Minor Cannabinoids
In addition to CBD and THC, the cannabis plant contains a growing number of minor cannabinoids that are receiving increasing scientific and clinical interest. Although present in smaller amounts, these compounds may contribute to the broader effects of cannabinoid-based therapies and are being explored for their potential role in supporting nervous system regulation, sleep, mood, inflammation, gut function, and overall wellbeing.
Research into minor cannabinoids is still evolving, and understanding of their individual and combined effects continues to develop.
Terpenes
The cannabis plant also contains naturally occurring aromatic compounds known as terpenes. Terpenes are found widely throughout nature and are responsible for the distinctive scents and flavours of many plants, including lavender, citrus fruits, pine, herbs, and flowers.
Within cannabinoid-based therapies, terpenes are receiving increasing scientific interest for the way they may interact with cannabinoids and the body’s endocannabinoid system. Research continues to explore how terpenes may influence mood, nervous system regulation, alertness, relaxation, inflammation, and overall wellbeing. Some commonly discussed terpenes include: